1、充(chong)電樁(zhuang)的影響

簡單來講(jiang)，充電樁輸出功率越(yue)大，充電時間越(yue)短，不過目前充電樁分為(wei)了交流(liu)充電樁和直(zhi)流(liu)充電樁，我(wo)們可以分開來進行解釋。

從交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)來講(jiang)，國內大部分慢(man)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)或充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)盒(he)均(jun)采用(yong)220v交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)分別(bie)為16A或32A，理(li)論功率分別(bie)可達到3.3kw或6.6kw，考慮到10%的功率損耗，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)還是(shi)很慢(man)的，例如對(dui)于一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量為20kwh左(zuo)右的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)，采用(yong)目前主流(liu)(liu)3.3kw交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式就需要6-8個小(xiao)時才能夠充(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。對(dui)于特斯拉(la)220v的HPWC(高功率壁掛適配器)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)可達50A，輸出功率11kw，我們(men)還是(shi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)想了，這(zhe)是(shi)專門為MODEL S設計(ji)的，并且特斯拉(la)與國標接口也不(bu)(bu)通用(yong)，不(bu)(bu)符(fu)合(he)國情，看(kan)看(kan)就好。

對于直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)來(lai)講(jiang)，不同于交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)220v電(dian)(dian)壓接入，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)接入的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓為380v，功率一般(ban)達(da)到10kw以上，例如市面(mian)上針對于電(dian)(dian)動(dong)乘用車(che)，國網建(jian)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)大部分是37.5kw，普天建(jian)的(de)也在10kw、15kw以上。對于一般(ban)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)量為20kwh左右的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)來(lai)講(jiang)，用10kw直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)2-3小時既可(ke)以滿(man)電(dian)(dian)。

由此可(ke)見，僅(jin)僅(jin)從(cong)輸出功率(lv)上來判斷，交(jiao)(jiao)流和直流的(de)充電(dian)快慢便見分(fen)曉，據說一些早期的(de)電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)車(che)(che)型只配備(bei)了交(jiao)(jiao)流充電(dian)口，那充電(dian)速(su)度(du)自然也快不起來了，所以在行(xing)業內就有交(jiao)(jiao)流慢充、直流快充的(de)說法。

所(suo)以，對于剛使(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)車主，這里(li)可以給大家提(ti)供一(yi)個簡單估算(suan)(suan)愛車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)，在愛車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，等充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)顯示界面上輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)穩(wen)定的(de)時(shi)候，看下輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值，計(ji)算(suan)(suan)一(yi)下輸出(chu)功率，然后對比自己車準備充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，就能大概(gai)推算(suan)(suan)出(chu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)需(xu)要的(de)時(shi)間(jian)。

2、整車車載充電機的影響

在(zai)整車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，會有(you)(you)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)參與到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)轉換(huan)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，通常交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會經過(guo)(guo)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉換(huan)成直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能儲存(cun)到動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)。因(yin)此，對于整車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)設(she)計，其功(gong)率(lv)(lv)需要與交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)出功(gong)率(lv)(lv)進行匹配，一(yi)般在(zai)3.3kw左(zuo)右，就算用更高(gao)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)也(ye)只能在(zai)16A左(zuo)右，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度也(ye)快(kuai)不(bu)(bu)起來，不(bu)(bu)過(guo)(guo)可(ke)以預見(jian)的(de)是，隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)增加(jia)，未來車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)應該(gai)在(zai)6.6kw以上，才能保(bao)證用戶對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度的(de)低需求，有(you)(you)一(yi)次在(zai)考察充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，發現紳寶(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)達到220V/32A，經過(guo)(guo)了解得知車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)可(ke)達到6.6kw，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度比E150EV快(kuai)了不(bu)(bu)少。

而如果采用(yong)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)方式，由于采取與交流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不同的(de)接(jie)口，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)能直(zhi)接(jie)儲存到動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內，不經過車載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)這(zhe)一關，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度自(zi)然(ran)快(kuai)了不少，但(dan)是為了保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命，避免過充(chong)過放，車廠會對整(zheng)車動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)BMS(電(dian)(dian)(dian)池管(guan)理系統)進行設置，例(li)如在深(shen)圳運營的(de)比亞迪(di)E6的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)倍率在0.5C左右(E6充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)326V/100A)。

3、動力電(dian)池(chi)的影(ying)響

在充電樁端輸出固定功率相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)，整車(che)動力電池(chi)電量(liang)越大，充電時間(jian)就越長，這就如同(tong)小學(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)學(xue)題一般，在同(tong)樣口徑的(de)(de)(de)放水管向池(chi)子(zi)里注水，池(chi)子(zi)越大，放滿(man)水需要的(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)越長，這個道理比較簡單。

另外，三元(yuan)材(cai)料鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)能(neng)量(liang)密度(du)一般比磷酸鐵鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池高，那(nei)么對于同一車型來(lai)講，如(ru)果要求(qiu)續駛里程一致(zhi)，三元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)池裝的(de)肯定(ding)比鐵鋰(li)要少，充電(dian)(dian)速度(du)自然就快了一些(xie)。

還有個現(xian)象北(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)的(de)朋友們感(gan)受會(hui)(hui)比較深(shen)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)冬(dong)季的(de)時(shi)候愛車(che)(che)充不(bu)上(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，或者(zhe)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度慢得令人抓狂，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)怎么回事呢？這(zhe)(zhe)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)本身的(de)化學特(te)性有關(guan)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)所謂的(de)低溫保護，在(zai)(zai)氣溫過低的(de)情(qing)況下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)的(de)金屬鋰會(hui)(hui)產生沉積現(xian)象，不(bu)再(zai)和物質發生化學反應，從而發生電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部短路的(de)情(qing)況。特(te)別要提一下磷酸鐵(tie)鋰的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)低溫性能比較差，據相關(guan)材料顯示(shi)其0℃時(shi)的(de)容量保持率約60～70%，-10℃時(shi)為40～55%，-20℃時(shi)為20～40%，三元電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)略優于磷酸鐵(tie)鋰。以(yi)前(qian)有些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)用(yong)戶(hu)需要將車(che)(che)開出(chu)去跑幾圈熱(re)(re)熱(re)(re)車(che)(che)才(cai)(cai)能充上(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，估計(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)熱(re)(re)車(che)(che)這(zhe)(zhe)事也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)地區才(cai)(cai)會(hui)(hui)有，不(bu)過現(xian)在(zai)(zai)大部分(fen)車(che)(che)廠都有電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)加熱(re)(re)模塊，寒(han)冷的(de)時(shi)候邊充電(dian)(dian)(dian)邊加熱(re)(re)，在(zai)(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能自然也會(hui)(hui)耗費不(bu)少。總(zong)之冬(dong)季充電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度慢的(de)事是(shi)(shi)(shi)肯(ken)定的(de)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)同車(che)(che)廠解決的(de)方(fang)(fang)案及(ji)效率會(hui)(hui)略有不(bu)同，對(dui)于這(zhe)(zhe)個問題(ti)車(che)(che)主們在(zai)(zai)買(mai)車(che)(che)前(qian)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)要仔(zi)細詢問清楚了。

4、其他(ta)影響因素

這(zhe)里提(ti)一(yi)下電力負載(zai)的(de)(de)影響因素，特(te)別在夏季的(de)(de)時候，家(jia)家(jia)戶(hu)戶(hu)都開空調或(huo)其(qi)他大功率(lv)設(she)備(bei)，變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)負載(zai)達到高峰(feng)，電壓(ya)(ya)是會出現下降的(de)(de)情(qing)況，這(zhe)也會影響到電動汽車的(de)(de)充電速度。不過正規的(de)(de)小區(qu)一(yi)般(ban)都是變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)，對充電速度影響有限，而一(yi)些(xie)(xie)自建(jian)房、城中村等用戶(hu)用電一(yi)般(ban)來(lai)自區(qu)域公用變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)，影響就大一(yi)些(xie)(xie)了。因此，對于電動汽車用戶(hu)，建(jian)議選擇用電谷(gu)期進行充電，充電速度就會快(kuai)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)。

來源：電動(dong)網(wang)

作者：云(yun)鳥充電